Time-lapse movies can give us a fresh perspective on the world around us by speeding up slow-moving action and compressing hours, days, and even months into seconds and minutes. Ordinary nature scenes such as storm clouds rolling in, stars moving across the sky, or plants growing, go from mundane to awe-inspiring when filmed as time-lapse movies. It’s also a fresh way to document progress on large projects that take a long period of time to complete, like a painting, the construction of a building, or a photoshoot.
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Now, thanks to a new crop of digital cameras and a wealth of helpful accessories and applications, almost anyone can create a time-lapse movie.
Pick Your Tools
Many digital cameras include a time-lapse mode that times and shoots images, and then collects them into a movie file. You choose the amount of wait time you want between shots and the duration of the overall shoot, and the camera will take care of the rest. Most cameras even power down automatically between shots to preserve battery life, making longer movies possible.
During the video, I demonstrate how to create a time lapse movie using Gawker (the free and easy solution). I also demonstrate how to do the same thing using Evocam ($30) and QuickTime. I'm currently working on a project at work where I need to be able to measure relative elapsed time across cores & threads in the nanosecond resolution range. Cputimer objects measure wall clock elapsed time and process elapsed time charged to the user and system. Current time values are the current wall clock time, user process time, and system process time as provided by the operating system: Wall clock time is time as would be measured by an ordinary wristwatch or clock on the wall.
To make this test movie of my dehydrated plant coming back to life, I used the Nikon P90. Its time-lapse mode can be set to take a photo every 30 seconds up to once an hour, storing up to 1800 total images. If you have camera that doesn’t offer self-timer options, you can use an external intervalometer, which is a tool that triggers the shutter at a set interval of time. Better yet, if you have a compatible camera, the DSLR Remote app has an intervalometer setting that can trigger the camera anywhere from every second to once every 24 hours.
You can use your iPhone’s built-in still camera to create a time lapse movie if you have a tripod and a timer App, such as iTimeLapse Pro ($2.99) or Joby’s free Gorillacam app. Don’t have an iPhone? Use the free application Gawker to create a time-lapse movie using your built-in iSight camera or third-party web cam.
Do the Math
Most time-lapse movies play 24 to 30 frames per second. The ideal wait time between frames depends entirely on the speed of the subject and the desired final movie length. When choosing your wait time, keep in mind that you can always remove frames later in the process to speed up a movie, so don’t be afraid to set your camera to shoot at smaller intervals.
The P90’s time-lapse movies are 30 frames per second. Since the camera can take up to 1800 pictures for one movie, the longest time-lapse you can make on it is 60 seconds long. For the plant movie, I set the camera to take one photo every five minutes for 15 hours. The clip, made up of 180 frames, is only six seconds long. If the camera was set to shoot at shorter intervals, the final movie would have been smoother and slower.
To help you with the calculations, you can download the $4.99 Timelapse Calculator iPhone app. Fill in the information you have—event duration, FPS, wait time, or clip length—and the app will help you figure out the rest.
Get the Set Up Right
![Mac Mac](https://www.apimac.com/images/pages/timer_mac/Timer-for-Mac-Screenshot.jpg)
Jayce mac os. It’s important that the camera’s batteries are fully charged and that you have a large enough memory card to hold the large number of photos. You don’t need to shoot RAW or even very high-resolution photos when creating a time-lapse movie, so go into your settings and bump down the file size.
To create a feeling of movement in your film, experiment with longer exposure times—a small amount of blur in an image can minimize jarring transitions between frames. Set all of your camera settings to Manual, including the focus, and mount your camera on a tripod in a location where it won’t be bumped, shaken, or knocked over. Take a few test photos to get the best shutter speed and aperture settings, then start your shoot.
If your camera doesn’t automatically assemble your photos into a time-lapse movie, you can use QuickTime Pro (QuickTime X doesn’t have this feature). If you’ve upgraded to Snow Leopard, you can still use QuickTime Pro by installing QuickTime 7 from your Snow Leopard install DVD. For more information see this Apple support article. Another application that has time-lapse features is the $49 iStopMotion2 from Boinx Software.
Using the Intel® Power Gadget API on Mac OS X*
Intel® Power Gadget for Mac* is a GUI application that provides real-time data on processor frequency and estimated processor power, and can log frequency, power, energy, and temperature data over time. Intel® Power Gadget also provides a C Application Programming Interface (API) for accessing this power and frequency data in your program. Intel® Power Gadget is also available for Windows* and Linux*. Intel® Power Gadget and the API are only supported on 2nd generation and later Intel® Core processors, because previous processors do not support the necessary power Model Specific Registers (MSRs).
Intro to the Intel® Power Gadget API
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The Intel® Power Gadget API is a framework (IntelPowerGadget .framework) that provides a C interface for reading current estimated processor power, current processor frequency, base frequency, thermal design power (TDP), current temperature, maximum temperature, timestamps, and elapsed time. It also provides logging functionality.
What You Need
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To use the API you’ll need the Intel® Power Gadget for Mac* driver and framework. Blaze rush mac os. These are included in the Intel® Power Gadget installer, or as a standalone API installer. The driver is installed to /System/Library/Extensions/EnergyDriver.kext, and the framework is installed to /Library/Frameworks/IntelPowerGadget.framework.
To link with the Intel® Power Gadget API you simply need to include
–framework IntelPowerGadget
in your link command.Using the Intel® Power Gadget API
To begin you must initialize the library by calling
IntelEnergyLibInitialize
.The most common use of the Intel® Power Gadget API is to read samples with ReadSample. The API supports sampling of specific Model Specific Registers (MSRs). Meta data on the sampled MSRs can be queried with
GetNumMsrs
, GetMsrName
, and GetMsrFunc
. GetNumMsrs
returns the number of sampled MSRs; MSRs are given an ID from 0 to n-1, where n is the number returned by GetNumMsrs
. The MSR ID is used to get data for a specific MSR with functions GetPowerData
, GetMsrName
, and GetMsrFunc
.Calling
GetPowerData
for each sampled MSR will provide you with the relevant data from that MSR. An MSR’s function (from GetMsrFunc
) determines the amount and meaning of data returned from GetPowerData
. MSRs with function 0 (frequency) return 1 result, which represents the frequency in megahertz. MSRs with function 1 (power) return 3 results, which represent the average power in watts, cumulative energy in Joules, and cumulative energy in milliwatt-hours. MSRs with function 2 (temperature) return 1 result, which represents the temperature in degrees Celsius. The Intel® Power Gadget API currently supports sampling with the following MSRs: processor frequency, estimated processor power, and package temperature. The currently supported MSR functions are: frequency (0), power (1), temperature (2).ReadSample also reads the system time and Time Stamp Counter (TSC) at the time the sample is read. These values are available via
GetSysTime
and GetRDTSC
; the time interval between samples is available (in seconds) via GetTimeInterval. Note that you must call ReadSample prior to calling GetPowerData
, GetRDTSC
, and GetTimeInterval
, and that you must call ReadSample twice before calling GetTimeInterval
and before getting power data (as opposed to frequency or temperature data) from GetPowerData
, as they are computed using the difference between two samples.The Intel® Power Gadget API also supports reading generic MSRs with ReadMSR, which returns the raw data from the MSR. However, note that specifying an invalid MSR address can crash your system and could potentially corrupt it. There is no method to determine if an MSR address is valid. The API supports reading common individual MSRs without having to specify the MSR address or read an entire sample; the supported functions are:
GetIAFrequency
, GetMaxTemperature
, GetTemperature
, and GetTDP
.The sample data from
ReadSample
can be logged to a file. Logging can be enabled at any time by calling StartLog, and subsequently disabled by calling StopLog. Note that the logged data isn’t written until StopLog is called. Both StartLog and StopLog cause an internal call to ReadSample.Sampling Considerations
The frequency at which you read samples may have an impact on the accuracy of data. The instantaneous processor frequency can change significantly from moment to moment. Frequency data may be more meaningful if you sample often and average the frequency samples over time. The processor power is calculated by taking the difference between two samples, thus a shorter interval between samples will result in more fine-grained power data. However, the frequency at which you read samples may also impact the performance of the system. Using a very short frequency (e.g. less than 20 milliseconds) may result in significant overhead, and may also increase the power consumption of the system, both of which may reduce the usefulness of the data. The Intel® Power Gadget application uses a default sampling frequency of 50 milliseconds, and updates the GUI with averaged frequency and power data every second.
Example
Download the Xcode project for this example application here.
API Reference
Initializes the library and connects to the driver.
Returns the number of CPU packages on the system.
![Mac Mac](https://static.macupdate.com/screenshots/269085/m/time-lapse-assembler-screenshot.png?v=1594112338)
Returns the number of supported MSRs for bulk reading and logging.
Returns in szName the name of the MSR specified by iMsr. Note that the Windows version uses wchar_t.
Returns in pFuncID the function of the MSR specified by iMsrCurrently supported functions are: 0 = frequency, 1 = power, 2 = temperature.
Reads the MSR specified by address on the package specified by iNode, and returns the value in value. Warning: Specifying an invalid MSR address can crash your system and could potentially corrupt it. There is no method to determine if an MSR address is valid.
Reads the processor frequency MSR on the package specified by iNode, and returns the frequency in MHz in freqInMHz.
Reads the package power info MSR on the package specified by iNode, and returns the TDP in watts in TDP.
Reads the temperature target MSR on the package specified by iNode, and returns the maximum temperature in degrees Celsius in degreeC.
Reads the temperature MSR on the package specified by iNode, and returns the current temperature in degrees Celsius in degreeC.
Reads sample data from the driver for all the supported MSRs. Note that two calls to ReadSample are necessary to calculate power data, as power data is calculated using the difference between two samples.
Returns the system time as of the last call to ReadSample. The data returned in pSysTime is structured as follows:
pSysTime[63:32]
= time in secondspSysTime[31:0]
= time in nanosecondsMac Os Download
Returns in pTSC the processors time stamp counter as of the last call to ReadSample. Note that this function does not execute the rdtsc instruction directly, but instead returns the TSC from when the last sample was read.
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Returns in pOffset the time in seconds that has elapsed between the two most recent calls to ReadSample.
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Returns in pBaseFrequency the advertised processor frequency for the package specified by iNode.
Returns the data collected by the most recent call to ReadSample. The returned data is for the data on the package specified by iNode, from the MSR specified by iMSR. The data is returned in pResult, and the number of double results returned in pResult is returned in nResult. Frequency MSRs (function 0) return 1 result, which represents the frequency in megahertz. Power MSRs (function 1) return 3 results, which represent the average power in watts, cumulative energy in Joules, and cumulative energy in milliwatt-hours. Temperature MSRs (function 2) return 1 result, which represents the temperature in degrees Celsius.
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Starts saving the data collected by ReadSample. When StopLog is called, this data will be written to the file specified by szFileName. Note that the Windows version uses wchar_t. StartLog will cause an initial call to ReadSample.
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Stops saving data and writes all saved data to the file specified by the call to StartLog. StopLog will cause a final call to ReadSample.